Brainstorm of content for documentary

•  History of Makeup.
• How long spent doing makeup, How often people do makeup, tutorial of someone doing makeup, could use a celebrity.
• Makeup tutorial .
• Interview a makeup artist .
• Messy makeup desk .
• Favourite shops to buy makeup from .
• Vox-pop .
• John Lewis .
• Catwalk makeup footage .
• How much is spent on makeup, how much income shops get from makeup (Boots) .
• Favourite makeup item .
• Makeup statistics .
• Interview Katie Price .
• Interviews with professionals .
• Mirror image .
• Pop music .
• Interview with Rihanna.

Target audience research

Questionnaire on Makeup

1.       How old are you?  ________

2.       How old were you when you first started wearing makeup?  Please circle.

Before 11      12-14      15-17      18+

3.       What television channel do you tend to watch the most? Please circle.

BBC1     BBC2     ITV1     Channel 4     Channel 5

4.       Would you watch a documentary about makeup?

Yes       No

5.       Which television channel do you associate with documentaries the most?

BBC1       BBC2     ITV1      Channel 4       Channel 5

6.       Do you think makeup boosts your confidence? Please circle.

Strongly Agree       Agree      Not particulary      Disagree      Strongly Disagree

7.       Around how much do you spend on makeup per month?

£_______

8.       What is your favourite store to buy your makeup in?

__________________________

9.       How long do you spend doing your makeup? Please circle.

Half an hour or less     An hour     2 hours         More

10.   How many times do you do your makeup a day on average? Please circle.

Once    Twice    Three times    More

11.   What is your favourite item of makeup?

______________________

12.   Would you be able to go a day without wearing any makeup?

Yes      No

13.   What time do you think is the best time to watch a documentary on makeup? Please circle.

4-5 o’clock          6-7 o’clock       8-9 o’clock        9-10 o clock        later than 10

14.   In a documentary about make-up who would you like to see in an interview? Please Circle.

Make-up expert         Make-up Artist           Sales Representative          Someone who wears make-up

Other _____________________________________________________________________________

15.   Would you be interested in learning about the history of beauty and make-up? Please circle.

Yes     No  

16.   What type of music do you think relates to make-up? Please circle.

Up-beat        Jazz       Dance       RnB        Pop        Rock       Classical     Other______________________

17.   Would you like to hear a Male or Female Voice-over in a documentary about make-up? Please Circle.

Male     Female      No preference

Results

This shows that the majority of people we asked were 17 years old however, it also shows that we asked a range of different ages which were in our target audience which proves all answers given would be relevant to what we were hoping to find out.

This proves that over half of the people we asked starting wearing make-up at a young age, this information could be used in our documentary showing how much females rely on make-up.

This shows that people in our target audience range tend to watch channel 4 the most and could therefore show that this is the channel we should show our documentary on.

This shows that the majority would watch a documentary about make-up, thus showing that it would be a good idea to go ahead with our plan of doing a documentary about this. A couple of people did say no but this just shows that we will have to use appealing content in order to get audiences watching our documentary.

These answers show that channel 4 is, yet again, the most popular channel and confirms our decision to use this channel for our documentary as it is the most appealing to our target audience.

This is a more shocking result as not one person who filled in our questionnaire said that make-up doesn't boost their confidence, which could be a good subject to bring into our documentary with so many of our target audience being able to relate to the topic of feeling confident wearing make-up.

This could also be included in our documentary as a small topic to cover, as we could go into more depth about just how much people spend on make-up and whether for some people it has a price tag.

From this result we could video some footage from Superdrug and Boots as these were the most popular make-up stores to shop in.

This shows that people don't tend to spend too much time doing their make-up, however over 25% spend over an hour which could be seen as a long time, especially for boys which could be another idea to talk about in our documentary.

The second most popular answer shows that some people re-do their make-up twice a day, this could relate to how much they spend a month because if they re-do there make-up more than once a day they are therefore using more make-up and will have to buy more of it more frequently than others.

This shows the most favourite item of make-up is mascara, therefore we could use one part of our documentary to focus on the eyes as this would be an appealing subject for our target audience.

This shows that in fact most of our target audience could go a day without wearing make-up.

This proves that we should schedule our documentary between 8-9 as it was the most popular result.

From these results it would be a good idea to interview a make-up artist and a make-up expert as this would appeal to our target audience.

As just over half said yes, it would be ideal for us to include some information about the history of make-up however, we need to make sure it is interesting before we incorporate this into our documentary as we want to entertain our audience the best we can.

This could show that for the sound in our documentary we are best to use pop music as it shows to be the most popular, coming close to this result was dance music meaning that we could also use this style of music to create more dimension to our documentary.

Due to this result we are now decided on the idea to use a female voice-over which appeals to our target audience with them being females as well.

Initial Plans

Initial Plans



Topic: Beauty -- Makeup


Target Audience: Females --Young adults


Channel: Channel 4


Scheduling: Half 8


Possible Titles:


Does makeup really make you feel better about yourself?


Is makeup really worth the price?


During Documentary:


Get a make-over done in a well known store.


Interview the public about makeup and why they use it etc.

Brainstorming

Ideas

• Music - How it changes peoples moods.
• Trains -What would we do without them? - Reliability.
• Holidays.
• Christmas.
• Fashion - Shoes.
• Pets.
• Food - crisps.
• Beauty - makeup - How it changes how people feel.

Genre Analysis- Scheduling

TV Scheduling
The schedule for each day on the five terrestrial channels can be broken down into Daytime TV, Evening TV and Past-Watershed TV.


The target audience for each of these channels for particular parts of the day are different;
BBC 1- Daytime- Older adults (diagnosis murder). Evening- Young to old adults (Eastenders).
BBC 2- Daytime- Mixed (CBBC, Daily politics's, Animal park) Evening- Adults (Coast, Escape to the country).
ITV 1- Daytime- Housewives (this morning, loose women, Jeremy kyle). Evening- Adults (Emmerdale).
Channel 4 - Daytime-Young adults (desperate housewives, friends. Evening- Young adults ( The Simpson's, Hollyoaks).
Channel 5 - Daytime- mixed audience ( milkshake, house doctor). Evening- Adults.
All channels past-watershed are based towards an adult audience.


The most popular genre on television is soap dramas because four of the five terrestrial channels all have one; BBC 1- Eastenders.
BBC 2- non.
ITV 1-Emmerdale, Coronation street.
Channel 4- Hollyoaks.
Channel 5- Home and Away, Neighbours.


The target audiences for each terrestrial channel are all different;
BBC 1- Adults- Diagnosis murder, Eastenders.
BBC 2 -Mixed audience- CBBC, Daily politics, Mock of the week, Top Gear.
ITV 1-Adults-Loose women, Emmerdale, 71 degrees north.
Channel 4-Young adults-Friends, Hollyoaks, This is England 86'.
Channel 5-Mixed Audience-Milkshake, Home and Away, CSI: NY.


The percentage of how each channel schedules is taken up with repeats,(estimated);
BBC 1- 12%.
BBC 2- 10%.
ITV 1- 5%.
Channel 4- 10%.
Channel 5- 15%.


Many channels have imported programme's in their schedules, these are the ones which have the most;
Channel 5 have more imported programmes shown in the evening, this will be because this is when most people watch channel 5 there fore they will show programmes that you can only see on this channel.
Channel 4 also show's imported programmes but they are shown in the daytime more than the evening because this is when young adults will watch the programmes such as friends.


The watershed is the time the broadcasting companys are allowed to show programs with adult content because it is deemed that minors are not or should not be viewing them, it occurs after 9 oclock, on a tuesday on Channel 5 the programme CSI is shown which features blood and bad language therefore it would not be shown before 9 o'clock.


Scheduling theory

• TV companies want to reach the right audience for a particular programme.
• Inheritance- Scheduling a programme after a popular programme to 'inherit' some of it's audience.
• Pre-Echo- Scheduling a programme before a popular programme, hoping that viewers will tune in early and enjoy the previous programme.
• Hammocking- A programme is scheduled in between two popular programmes.
• The Remote control- Remote controls have ruined the theories above because instead of watching the programmes before and after the one you want, the viewer will scan through other channels to find something more interesting on a massive range of channels. Because of Satellite/ Cable/ Freeview audiences have become more active and have there own choice making your own schedule. Sky + and V+ allow audience to have a wider choice because they can now pause live TV and record it.
• Watershed- After nine pm, children will have gone to bed, so Sex,Drugs,Alcohol and swearing will now be allowed to be shown on TV. (skins at Ten pm on E4)
• Narrowcasting- Disney, Nickelodeon, Animal planet, Nick jnr. These channels have a specific target audience.

Genre Analysis- A summary of codes and conventions.

• Interviewees are on the opposite side to the interviewer, interviewee looks at the camera but with a space next to them (same side they look into 'Looking space'.)
• Narrator ('Voice of God').
• Graphics at the bottom for names/charts/information.
• Archive material (concert, behind the scenes..)
• Music to suit the documentary Genre and audience.
• Type of documentary suitable for the channel and audience.
• Images relating to illustrate voice-over.
• Narrator/ Presenter/ Voice over.
• Talking head interviews and 'Vox Pop' interviews.
• Narrative structure.
• Mise-en-scene signifies what the documentary is about. (Meatloaf CD on marketing Meatloaf).
• Handheld camera work (for drama/involvement)
• Cutaways
• Factual and informative.

Genre Analysis-Documentary Analysis- I can't stop stealing

BBC three documentary
Type of Documentary

• Expository but it is an informal type of expository.

Themes

• A bad Habit that needs to be stopped

Narrative structure

• 3 ordinary people have the problem of shop lifting and they want to sort the problem out, Shows the 3 different people and how they get away with it and what they get out of it by doing it, but by the end they are trying hard to overcome this habit.

Camerawork

• Close-up of the things that have been stolen.
• Camera on a dolly moving down and isle looking at all of the items, then cutting to a close-up of a trolley wheel as its moving (the camera is attached to the wheel)
• Two-shot of the managers of Home Bargain talking about the cctv footage of shop lifters.

Mise-en-scene

• When the woman is asked how she feels about it, the clothes she has shoplifted are behind her.

Sound

• Woman voice-over ('Voice of God') makes the documentary seem more informal.
• non-diegetic music in the background at the beginning and whilst the woman is talking.

Editing

• Quick cuts at the beginning to show the cctv footage and each person featured in the documentary.
• Filming the screen of the cctv footage whilst the two men point of the shoplifters.

Archive material

• CCTV footage.

Graphics

• Black background with white pale writing.

Genre Analysis-Documentary Analysis- Who do you think you are? (lisa Kudrow)

BBC 1 documentary
Type of Documentary

• Expository because there is a 'Voice of God' and images that match and explain what he is talking about.
• Factual based.

Themes

• Family based, because she is finding out about her family.

Narrative structure

• Starts with her knowing a bit about her family but she wants to find out more, so she goes to see different family members and people who can help her on her way, at the end she has found out more about her family.

Camera Work

• Establishing Long shot of her and her father at the table in her fathers house in the kitchen, shows the old fashioned look of the house and all the pictures and family trees on the table whilst they are looking through them.
• Shot reverse shot with her and her father to show the audience they are having a true conversation, its like the cameras aren't actually there.
• Close-ups of important details such as death certificates, birth certificates.
• A point of view shot through the window of a woman's house as Lisa walks up to the door makes the audience feel like we are there with her on her journey.
• Establishing shots are often used whenever she arrives at a destination she can get information from.

Mise-en-scene

• Interview at the beginning with her garden in the background, all interviews with her have comfortable mise-en-scene, e.g her garden and her living room.
• There is also an interview almost like a 'vox pop' with her great grandmothers childhood home behind her as she talks about her.

Sound

• Male narrator (mark strong), makes the documentary serious.
• Lisa alos narrates but it is more of an interview with cutaways over it, or when her and her father have finished their conversation and are sitting in silence.
• The non-diegteic sound used is meant to represent the mood; music that goes with travelling, sad music when talking about the death of her great-grandmother.

Editing

• Cutaways when Lisa narrates (interview)
• Slow editing
• Goes from long establishing shots to mid shots, so go through shots to make the audience feel as though they are nervous and excited for her to find out about her family.

Archive material

• Pictures from friends when explaining about her.
• Old family pictures- pictures of her father as a boy, grandmothers.
• Old videos of her great grandmother playing.
• Video of hitler during the war surrounded by German followers.

Graphics

• Faded blue background and white text on the caption, consistent throughout.
• Family tree has the same text used in the caption, the background is a sky with light clouds.

Genre Analysis-Documentary analysis- That thing lara croft.

Type of Documentary

• Action
• Expository

Themes

• Playstation Game

Narrative structure

• Starts with Lara Croft being in a Playstation game moves onto comparing her to barbie. Shows her seen as a sex symbol then back onto the playstation game.

Camerawork

• Close-up of her assets.
• Extreme close-up of Angelina Jolie's face when interviewing her.
• Talking heads (mid-shot)

Mise-en-scene

• Playstation game of Lara CRoft is playing in the background.

Sound

• Non-diegetic sound of the music adds effect making the game seem exciting and fast paced.
• Male voice over matches the target audience.

Editing

• Mans interview put into laptop screen.
• Action based meaning the editing is fast paced.
• Filmed talking heads in front of a glue/green screen the super imposed the game as the background.
• Lots of cutaway shots of the video game reinforce the style.

Archive material

• Angelina Jolie in the film.
• The game being played.
• Images of magazines.

Graphics

• Lara croft as a cartoon.
• Lara crofts name across the screen, white and bold, makes it stand out from the black background.

Genre Analysis - Documentary analysis - The music biz- Marketing meatloaf

BBC 2 documentary- more adult Target Audience
Type of Documentary

• Educational (learning zone)
• Expository

Themes

• Music is a key theme.
• Marketing is also a main theme because the whole documentary is how they have tried to market meatloaf.

Narrative structure

• 'Voice of God'- talks about the music industry (the Brit's, Grammys) then goes onto Meatloaf to talk about his career and how he got back on top, it then ended with Meatloaf's success.

Camerawork

• Hand-held camera work at the grammy's and the Brit's making the audience fell like they are there, the Point of view shot makes you feel like your there so the audience is the reporter going into the reporters room, trying to involve the audience from the beginning.

Mise-en-scene

• Meatloaf merchandise behind interviewee's ( Meatloaf Cd in the background have achieved this by using a green/blue screen).

Sound

• 'Voice of God' is male, this makes it seem serious and authoritative maybe aiming towards a more Male target audience. the voice-over is very formal and has opinions.
• Non diegetic snippets of song to build up the excitement for the chorus (I'd do anything for love)

Editing

• Fade in and out of two people, sitting on the opposite side to the interviewer but on different sides to one another.
• Short interviews.
• Fast cuts of making the video, Crossfades to illustrate what it is about.

Archive material

• Footage from the grammy's (Meatloaf's performance).
• Clip from one of his music videos.
• More archive footage than captured footage.
• Filming behind the scenes on the music video set.

Graphics

• Opening credits is a magazine front cover with tiny sound bytes from the people who may be in the programme.
• There is always a logo at the side of any of the captions (The music biz logo).
• Quotes move across the bottom of the page at one point and they are faded.

Genre Analysis - Documentary analysis- The devil made me do it.

It was a Channel 4 documentary- a small niche audience would watch it. 


Type of Documentary

• Expository because a 'Voice of God' is used and the images match or explain what the narrator is taking about. It is also quite a scary and dark documentary because when talking about how the nun died there is no sound.

Themes

• The theme is focussed around death but also around God because of the nun being religious, but also because they are talking about Marilyn Manson being almost like a devil figure.

Narrative structure

• Narrator ('Voice of God').
• The documentary started off with Marilyn Manson but why? there are interviews with the fans but then goes onto the murder of the nun- how was she killed and how does it all fit in?
• About 12-15 minutes into the documentary the enigma is all starting to connect meaning that the audience will understand why Manson and the nun are connected.
• There are a wide range of interviews both formal and informal.
• There are different segments to the documentary, from Marilyn Manson to the Nun and then back to Marilyn Manson.
• There is a closed Narrative which means the documentary will answer the questions that have been asked and end.

Camerawork

• When talking about the Nun the camera work is spooky when the narrator is explaining what has happened (e.g filming of a phone box to explain that the girls had called her.)
• There where high angle establishing shot to signify the start of a new segment ( the graveyard)
• Handheld camera work was also used when going into the woods making the audience feel like they are there and creates excitement.
• Whenever they have captured live footage they have chosen to use hand-held camera work because it is more dramatic.

Mise-en-scene

• A close-up of Marco politi (Vatican reporter La Republica) the background shows religious things behind him (picture of Jesus) he also smartly dressed, this shows his interest.
• The detective in the office doesn't really have much Mise-en-scen although instead of using the usually mid-shot they have almost used a long shot so you can see his body because he is wearing his uniform.
• When interviewing the young girls friends all three of them are sitting on the bed together and some of them are smoking showing that they aren't really bothered what happened, it also shows they aren't as important.

Sound

• Translator is used.
• When showing the Nun's funeral there is non-diegtic music that is quiet, suttle and gentle church music that represents the sadness and the loss of this woman, it almost tells us how the audience should be feeling.
• There are sound effects of a heart beat when talking about how she was killed.
• They have gone for sound effects instead of reconstruction.
• The Voice-over is male because it seems more formal and serious.
• There is Non-diegetic music whilst the credits are shown.

Editing

• Interviews have been edited so we don't hear the interviewer.
• They have added cutaways to illustrate what the narrator is saying.

Archive Material

• Marilyn Manson concert footage.

Graphics

• The title was white in old church writing that looked metal and scary, with a black background, matches the genre of the documentary (heavy metal, the death of a nun).
• Consistent graphics throughout - same font and same colour.

Genre Analysis- Codes and conventions of Documentaries

What is documentary?

• They focus on questions actual people and events, often in a social context, placing the audience in a position to form an opinion about who or what we are seeing.
• A Documentaries purpose is to present factual information about the world, we know it is a documentary as it is often flagged up using on-screen labels for example and person's name and job title. leading the audience to believe that the people and events actually exist and that the information being conveyed is correct.
• Documentary makers use devices when presenting information....1./ record events as they actually occur. 2./ information may be presented using visual aids, such as charts and maps. 3./ some events may be staged for the camera e.g a historical document.
• Documentary crew usually consists of only one camera operator, a sound person so that they can stay mobile whilst filming.

Techniques

• 3 types of documentaries: Compilation film- where the film is made up of an assembly of archive images such as newsreel and footage. Interview or 'talking head'- where testimonies are recorded about people, events or social movements. Direct cinema- where an event is recorded 'as it happens' with minimal interference from the filmmaker.
• Documentaries use narrative form- they tell a story. They need good characters, tension and a point of view. They can be planned or improvised, use a voice-over, use interviews or 'observe', use found footage or music. Modern documentaries are less scripted and appear observational (big brother), resulting in the audience being placed in the position of a voyeur.
• Use parallelism(connects people through editing), ask audience to draw parallels between characters, settings and situations. 

Narration

• Documentaries will feature narrator, enables audience to receive plot information. Most common is 'the non-character voice' or 'voice of God' anonymous intermediary, claiming to tell audience story.
• Many Tv documentaries use 'authoritative voice' whom we are already familiar & who we trust (who do you think you are-Mark Strong, John Nettles- Airport). Listening to a familiar voice has the effect of making the audience trust the information being imparted. conventionally, voice-overs tend to be male but recent documentaries, particularly those aimed at a younger audience, have started to introduce the female voice-over.

Lighting

• Source of lighting in documentaries usually originate naturally from the environment being filmed. Unlike a feature film maker that may use additional light to manipulate the image that the audience is presented with, the documentary film-maker will only ever use what light is actually available, or necessary.

Camera work

• Most common used camera  is the hand-held, removing the need for a tripod or dolly. The operator doesn't necessarily want a smooth camera movement, shaky shots make it seem more 'authentic' and 'real', so they use their body as support. the hand-held camera creates a subjective point of view aims at an intimacy between the audience and the film.

Editing

• Editing is vital for any film but documentary films rely upon it. 
• Fade-out - when an image gradually darkens into blackness.
• Fade-in - the opposite of the above and so the image lightens from blackness.
• Dissolve - when the end of the shot is briefly superimposed with the beginning of the next.
• Wipe - when a shot is replaced by another using a line which moves across the screen.

• Editing is a way of interpreting an event in an understandable form. During the editing process that material is selected, ordered and placed into sequential form, in other words 'mediated'. film choices are made about lighting, focus camera angle, from whose point of view we are watching, all clues to the intentions of the film maker.

Sound

• In most films there is diegetic sound (when the sound has a source in the film) and Non-diegetic sound (when the sound comes from outside the film, eg a soundtrack, narrator, sound effect.) Documentaries heavily rely on non-diegetic sound to prompt the audience to respond in a certain way.
• Documentaries are a necessary social vehicle for informing a public opinion and with the growth of video.
• The documentary genre allows to expresion of a point of view as well as the illustration of the 'truth' in a way which is flexible yet understood by audiences who have become accustomed to the conventions of the genre.

Documentary Genres/Styles
Expository

• Style is characterised by a 'Voice of God', this is narration that directly addresses the viewer. Voice-over anchors the meaning of images that are shown and explicitly states the text's preferred meaning.
• Images illustrate what the narrator is saying making the voice-over seem more objective and honest.
• These documentaries are usually centred around a problem that needs solving, for example 'Who do you think you are?'.  

Observational (fly on the wall)

• Began with 'direct cinema' techniques first used in America in the 1960's.
• Lightweight camera equipment  allows crews to film right where the action is taking place, this creates dramatic excitement.
• Observational narrative avoids voice-over or commentary and the camera is usually as unobtrusive as possible.
• Very close to the 'window on the world' idea as if the audience is allowed to see an unmediated reality.
• Techniques include : Indirect adress to the audience, Diegetic sound (including music), relatively long takes (showing nothing has been cut or edited).
• They usually focus on specific individuals, thus why they are people-based documentaries.
• Obvious problems with these types of documentaries : impossible to create a genuine 'window on the world' because the presence of the camera in a situation affects the people being observed. 
• The documentaries are usually superficial and apolitical.
• Although they give the impression of being honest and impartial, the director can make editing choices which means that observational documentary is as full of bias and subjectivity as any other form of documentary.

Docusoaps

• Development of the observation genre, docusoaps are a hugely popular hybrid.
• It is a long-running documentary series that, like fictional soap opera, follows a group of characters chosen for their quirkiness and entertainment value.
• They have been based  in institutions (Airport, driving school) around specific events.
• Docusoaps were televisions find in the 1990's and for the first time a factual prigramme rivalled drama.
• they have an episodic, soap-like structure, with several interweaving plot lines, involving different characters.

Reality TV

• Real people in a non-realistic environment (Big brother, I'm a celebrity)
• It is now catergorised by a high degree of hybridisation between different programme types.
• The term 'reality TV' has become used to describe the most high-impact of the new factual television.
• It is a mix of 'raw', 'authentic' material with a seriousness of an information programme.
• Reality TV is catergorised by: camcrder surveillance or observational camera work, First person or eye witness testimony, studio or to-camera links and commentary from presenters.

Interactive

• This style of documentary acknowledges the presence of the camera and crew. (usually shows about popstars.)
• easily portable equipment meant that post-dubbing was no longer required and allowed the film-maker to speak directly to her/his subjects.
• This interaction means that the focus is on the exchange of informationrather than the creation of an objective view.
• Audience may read interactive documentaries as being more honest because there is no attempt to hide the camera and crew.

Drama-Documentary

• Drama documentaries arose much debate because, unless based on transcripts, they are more open to bias and interpretation than other forms of documentary.
• 'Docudrama'- a fictional story that uses techniques of documentary to reinforce its claim for realism.
• 'Dramadoc'- a documentary reconstruction of actual events using techniques taken from fictional cinema.

Current affairs

• These are usually journalist-led programmes who aim to address the news and the political agenda in grewater depth than the new bulletins allow. (News night).
• Emphasis is on the investigatory and the political, seeking out atrocity and political scandal.

Documentary dilemmas

• Documentary footage is rarely broadcast unedited and once they have given permission to film, documentary subjects are in the film-makers hands.
• One problem is how the film-maker balances their responsibility to those who appear in the programme with their legal obligations and their desire to make a successful programme, and their reponsibility towards their audience.
• Relationships between programme makers and their subjects varie, they can be reporting on their subjects, investigating them, or observing them, they could be interpreting what they do and have to say, or arguing the subjects case.
• Factual accyracy is vital for current affairs documentaries; responsibility to the audience outweighs responsibility to the subjects of the programme.
• BBC and ITC guideline affect the final edit of any programme.